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DIGITAL TO ANALOGUE CONVERTER analogue quantity is one that can take on any value over a continuous range of value it is respected and exact value most physical valuable or analogue in nature temperature pressure light and sound instantaneously speed et cetera some of the example of analogue. only value value is expressed uni digital such as binary number when a physical process is controlled by digital system the output of a digital computer is converted into analogue signal using digital to analogue converter output of the day AC is modified by and output is a curated is supplied as a control vibrator as shown in the figure 4.1 digital to analogue converter is a process of converting the value presented in a binary into a voltage or current which is pension digital value symbol for 4 bit each of the value of zero or one there are used for 16 number 000 111 BINARY WEIGHTED RESISTOR DSE the circuit diagram of weighted resistor PAC the operational amplifier is used to reduce

REGISTERS AND COUNTERS JOHNSON COUNTER the Johnson counter can be opting from serial in serial out shift register by connecting the complement of the output of the last flip flop to the output of the first output of each stage is connected to the d input what's the next stage logic diagram for a 4 bit Johnson counter shown in the below figure the feedback arrangement reduces state sequence as shown in the figure the timing diagram is shown in the figure the four bit sequence has a total of eight stages in general and n state Johnson counter will produce the model of 2n COUNTER counter is a set of flip flop whose States changes in response to pulse applied at the input v for interconnected such that they put the number of clock in the others at known intervals the counter can be used as the instrument for measuring the time period and frequency MODULUS OF A COUNTER each counter of the counter is called the state of the counter the number of state through which the counte

  COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS basically switching circuits maybe combinational switching circuit of sequential switching circuit. combinational switching circuits are those who to put level at any instant of time defence only on the levels presents at the inputs at the time. any Priya input level conditions have no effect on the present output, becomes combinational logic circuits have no memory. examples for logic gates, address, subtractor,multiplexers and demultiplexers circuits are widely used in the arithmetic logic unit section of microprocessor   MULTIPLEXERS multiplexes means many-to-one data selector logic circuit with many input but only one output it accepts several digital data input and only one of them give you one time epass drooping of the desired data input output is controlled by select functional data. the device has any input signal control signal 1 hour for example 16 to 1 multiplexer as 16 input signal four control select signal and 14 signal APPLICATION dat

SEQUENTIAL CIRCUIT sequential circuits tattoos with output levels at any instant of time are depend not only on the level results at the time but also on the video in good condition circuit switching have memory sequential circuit army of combinational circuit and example flip flops FLIP FLOP a v block is a bistable electronic circuit that has to stable states that is one output is ideal for that can be generated as a memory device that is used for storing one binary bit it is made up of logic logic GATE by itself as not storage capacity several logic kids can be converted together in a vehicle information TYPES OF FLIP FLOPS rs flip flop d flip flop JK flip flop t v flip shop CLOCK SIGNAL block is a rectangular pulse train for a square wave as shown in the figure in synchronous system the control input determine what state the output will go to the clock input determined when the output will change state output can change States only when the clock makes a tran

SHIFT REGISTER and usual flip-flop can be used to store one bit in digital system data and handle in world construction of many bits it is constituted to arrange a number of flip flop into a common structure called a register the storage capacity of the register is number of a bit of digital data it can store each stage of the cell register respective 1 bit of storage capacity the number of stages in a resistor determine its total state capacity the operation of all flip flop in a register in synchronised bi a common clock data hot written loaded into for read from all flipflop at the same time processing of digital data requires the capability of shift and root the data capability of the register limits the movements of a data from stage II stage within the register or into or out of the register upon application of clock pulse proper operation of a shift register required that its contents be shifted exactly on position for each clock pulse other master slave or edge trigge