DIGITAL TO ANALOGUE CONVERTER analogue quantity is one that can take on any value over a continuous range of value it is respected and exact value most physical valuable or analogue in nature temperature pressure light and sound instantaneously speed et cetera some of the example of analogue. only value value is expressed uni digital such as binary number when a physical process is controlled by digital system the output of a digital computer is converted into analogue signal using digital to analogue converter output of the day AC is modified by and output is a curated is supplied as a control vibrator as shown in the figure 4.1 digital to analogue converter is a process of converting the value presented in a binary into a voltage or current which is pension digital value symbol for 4 bit each of the value of zero or one there are used for 16 number 000 111 BINARY WEIGHTED RESISTOR DSE the circuit diagram of weighted resistor PAC the operational amplifier is used to reduce
REGISTERS AND COUNTERS JOHNSON COUNTER the Johnson counter can be opting from serial in serial out shift register by connecting the complement of the output of the last flip flop to the output of the first output of each stage is connected to the d input what's the next stage logic diagram for a 4 bit Johnson counter shown in the below figure the feedback arrangement reduces state sequence as shown in the figure the timing diagram is shown in the figure the four bit sequence has a total of eight stages in general and n state Johnson counter will produce the model of 2n COUNTER counter is a set of flip flop whose States changes in response to pulse applied at the input v for interconnected such that they put the number of clock in the others at known intervals the counter can be used as the instrument for measuring the time period and frequency MODULUS OF A COUNTER each counter of the counter is called the state of the counter the number of state through which the counte